What is Lipoma?

What is Lipoma? an lipoma Benign Tumor Fat tissue in the form of a lump, lumps are benign which is under the skin that consists of cells or fat tissue.

Cause of lipomas is still not clearly known by the medical, research is still being conducted to find out more about the lipoma.

Body parts are often lipoma is in part, esophagus, stomach, small intestine. More often found in the lower part of the intestine than in the duodenum or intestine liaison between the two. Lipoma can be found in any place, such as in the intestine. However lipomas are rarely found in the adrenal glands, salivary glands, the cavity between the right lung and kin, membranes covering the lungs, heart, and brain. In certain cases, lipomas can also be found in children.

Clinically, lipoma most often without symptoms. But can feel soft wavy or move freely in the skin. Symptoms in other places depending on the location. Patients with esophageal lipoma is characterized by difficult and painful swallowing, food out back and stomach to the mouth, and vomiting. Lipoma in the intestine, causing abdominal pain or could be evident if there is bleeding. Lipoma in the heart are normally closed capsule or network, it appears as a yellow mass which projected into the heart chambers.

Therapy lipoma, appointment or minor surgery and distant places and tumor actual removal of the local performed on lipoma which narrows the airway and lipoma in the intestine that cause interference, obstruction, lipoma lungs requires cutting portion of lung tissue, cutting the lipoma esophagus.

Indications Surgery lipoma, cosmetic reasons, to evaluate the malignancy is there on the network, so as to rule out the possibility of malignant lymphoma, case or cause symptoms, if grown to more than 5 cm. Prediction Disease benign lipoma well. Unusual recurrence, but can occur if the slaughtering is not perfect.

All lipoma is black on x-rays, so the discovery of soft tissue radiograph is diagnostic, but indicated if there is still doubt in the diagnosis. All imaging techniques have been combined with a fine needle biopsy, and this combination increases the accuracy in diagnosis.

Lipoma is a benign tumor derived mesenchymal and adipose tissue. Several variations of lipoma example adenolipoma, angiolipoma, cardiac lipoma and Madelung disease. Adenolipoma lipoma is a type of lymphoma that can occur in the breast, often have a fibrotic component. Adenolipoma also known as hamartoma. Lipoma angiolipoma contains many tiny blood vessels. Lipoma heart, microscopically composed of fatty tissue with muscle fibers are intertwined. Mesenchyme also called mesenchymal or connective tissue, a type of loose connective tissue; parts and embryonic mesoderm; originating and three layers of the seed and are located in the embryo. Mesenchyme later develop into bone, cartilage, lymphatic and circulatory systems. Madelung's disease is a lipoma located in the head, neck, shoulders, upper limbs.

Lipoma must be differentiated and tumor or other mass, Hibernoma an unusual tumor originating and brown fat. Benign nature, but there is a slight tendency to bleed when excision. Could arise again if the surgery is performed by cutting techniques. In addition there are several types of tumors lipoma fatty tissue, for example: lipoblastoma, hibernoma, atypical lipomatous tumor, and liposarcoma.

Preventing the Spread of Infectious Diseases

An area there is a disease depends on the presence of people who are sensitive and appropriate environmental conditions for the life of disease-causing microorganisms. Microorganisms which have a simple life cycle, distribution will be broader than that cycle is very complex, for example, non-human animals also need to continue his life.

Socio-economic factors affecting the spread of the disease population. Agricultural areas, farms, to review the habit of using fertilizer, environmental hygiene and sanitation and poor personal hygiene and poverty are all factors that can increase the spread of disease. Migration of people from one area to another, religions and beliefs of people with special religious rituals that can also affect the spread of certain diseases.

Tropical regions wet with warm temperature are ideal habitat for the breeding of disease-causing organisms, in both humans and animals. Subtropical areas short summers, and cold climates as well as areas that are very hot climates inhibit the development, life and the spread of disease-causing organisms.

Various kinds of organisms that cause disease in humans and animals are found in some countries, because of the environment in the region allowing disease-causing organisms can live and breed perfectly.

Epidemiological studies done several countries showed that infectious diseases are still an important cause of death. Malaria and Dengue fever is an infectious disease that is not only difficult to eradicate in some countries, but it still is an infectious disease that became a global health problem.

National health reporting in certain countries shows that parasitic diseases are related closely related to the life of an environmental, still show a very high frequency in various regions. One of them is a worm diseases transmitted through the soil (soil-transmitted Helminths) such as helminth infection (ascariasis), whip worm infections (trichuriasis) and hookworm infection.

Studies in some developing countries, for example by screening feces on the population, in rural areas or in urban areas, some areas show figures helminth infections are still high. Likewise, diarrheal diseases, whether caused by bacteria, parasites and viruses are also always been a major health problem in many regions. Lack of clean water, the narrowness of the land where the family lives, the habit of eating with unwashed hands first, reuse the leaves and wrappers of food that has been thrown into the trash, vegetables are eaten raw, use of river water for various necessities of life (shower, wash your food, wash clothes, rinse, brush your teeth, which is also used as a toilet), and the use of feces for fertilizer vegetables, increase the spread of infectious diseases that attack the digestive system.

In addition to the factors mentioned above, occupational factors can also influence the frequency of parasitic diseases. Plantation workers which means his latrines are inadequate in number, the field worker worker watering and irrigation, mining and forestry workers, farmers and ranchers are included in a group at high risk of infection of infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases transmitted by insects that require long-term handling of voices including filariasis is elephantiasis disease caused by filarial worms, malaria caused by plasmodium, dengue fever caused by dengue virus, and diarrhea caused by viruses and bacteria. This disease transmission capabilities are various types of insects, for example, flies and cockroaches transmit diarrhea and mosquitoes that transmit malaria, filariasis and dengue fever which has a kind of habit and a different life.

The species of mosquitoes have biological properties that the way of life and a place to live and breed very varied. Adan mosquitoes that require clear water for breeding sites, there is a need brackish water, marsh, nest sheltered from the sun or vice versa there that actually require warmth of the sun. Besides mosquitoes are nothing like human blood as a source of life (anthropophilic), or just like the blood of animals (zoophilic), but no one can live by sucking the blood of humans and animals (antropozoofilik).

Besides filariasis and soil-transmitted Helminths, parasites sikius life is strongly associated with the environment is the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) and the beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata), protozoausus for example Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Balantidiumcoil and blood protozoan diseases, namely malaria.

Some areas are the focus of schistosomiasis is endemic, blood flukes that can cause severe clinical manifestations that can lead to death of the patient. Causes schistosomiasis is a worm that lives in human blood vessels that japonicum.Cacing parasite Schistosoma is a zoonosis that can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa, in need of fresh water as effective as the development stage.

The life cycle of the organism, parasite adaptation, bacteria, viruses and fungi to the environment are included in the body of the host in which they live, causing differences in the life cycle of the various types of parasites.
Humans can act as a host of single definitive (definitive host, the final host) which is the only source of disease transmission of parasites, bacteria, virus or fungus) or one of the hosts must be separated from the other animals who also acts as the host of the definitive , or simply to host and disease-causing organisms incidental that naturally live in Animals. Animals that can act as the definitive host for disease-causing organisms that live in humans called backup host (host reservoir).

To complete the life cycle, sometimes parasites requires another animal that acts as an intermediate host (intermediate host) where the development of young stages of the parasite, such as shape larvae. Some types of worms trematodes and cestodes require two intermediate host, namely primary and secondary intermediate host. Instead humans can act as an intermediate host for the parasite that is the definitive host animals. Consequences caused by the larvae of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) or dog tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus), for example, can cause health problems that endanger human life patients.

The spread of infectious diseases, Transmission many causes, in general, namely the existence of sources of infection, ways of transmission of the parasite and the host sensitive or sensitive. The spread of disease-causing organisms from one individual to the possible direct or indirect transmission.

Clinical symptoms of infectious diseases are influenced by many things, the number of disease-causing organisms into the patient's body, changes pathological arising in the tissues and organs, mechanical damage to the body's tissues and due to irritation of disease-causing organisms, toxins or materials toxic or cause allergic produced parasites or other organisms and negative reactions organs and tissue disorders.

If there is a balance between disease-causing organisms in which they live with the host, then the host's career shows no clinical symptoms are noticeable, but still always remove disease-causing organisms that can be transmitted to others.
Body resistance or immunity of host innate immunity may be appropriate to the species, race, or individual immunity against disease-causing organisms in general or a particular species or strains of organisms. Immunity can be absolute, but more often partial. For example immunity related to race, the black (negro) is more resistant to hookworm and malaria vivax than whites.

Groups of children and the elderly are most often suffer from infections transmitted disease, can first occur at a very young age. Akariasis eg infection have been reported in infants aged 4 months while on trichuriasis youngest age is 5 months. At hookworm can occur at the age of 6 months and this can happen when a child is placed just on the ground without a pedestal, so the infective larvae of hookworms can infect through the skin. Whereas in viral infections, bacterial or toxoplasmosis, an infection can occur since the fetus in the womb of his mother.

Diagnosis of infectious diseases. Clinical manifestations are often common parasitic disease because it causes the symptoms and complaints are similar to each other, so that only the clinical symptoms alone is difficult to hold on to determine what type of parasites which cause parasitic diseases. For example, a variety of intestinal worm infections shows symptoms are vague and not typical so difficult to identify. In laboratory tests it is necessary to establish a definite diagnosis of infection-causing parasite species such parasitit.

Parasitic infections are generally chronic nature and rarely cause sudden death, so it is often overlooked and neglected as a result. Malnutrition and anemia is the result most often experienced by the population, especially in areas that have been previously malnutrition, causing manifestations of malnutrition in varying degrees from mild to severe.

This situation will be even tougher because many parasitic diseases can also cause diarrhea. Parasitic infections hookworm weight can cause health problems in adults and adolescents productive lowered work productivity, while at the pregnant woman will experience a variety of disorders in the process of pregnancy and birth to her son in the form of abortion that is recurrent, poisoning pregnancy and fetal death before old enough content. Can also premature babies born with weight below the normal size. In children, there will be physical and mental development disorder that will eventually grow into adults who are low-power performance.

Disease viruses and bacteria, many viruses and bacterial illness that lasted acute, with clinical symptoms that clear so that it can be determined diagnosis. In the infectious diseases that include chronic or unclear symptoms, laboratory tests or other examinations using diagnostic tools (for example, examination using Rontgen rays, CT Scan, Ultrasound, Electrocardiograph) can help confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Treatment of infectious diseases, infectious disease should be treated with either through action quickly and accurately, whether the provision of medicines in accordance with the cause, the operative action if necessary, and nutrition that meets the needs of the patient to improve the patient endurance.

Drugs against infectious diseases in general can cause side effects for patients. Because of the dosage given should be the right size so that as little as possible side effects on the patient's body tissue, but it gives a lethal effect against the parasite in question. Less amount of the drug and the dose that kills disease-causing organisms may lead to infectious organism resistance to the drugs used, thus hindering the eradication of infectious diseases in a wider scale in a region or country. Malaria in many countries has been widely reported resistant to chloroquine, as well as tuberculosis that are resistant to various types of drugs that had previously been used widely.

Prevention of infectious diseases, in principle, to prevent the spread of infectious diseases carried by breaking the chain of disease-causing organism's life cycle, namely through: 1. treat the patient as a source of infection, 2. health education to prevent the spread of disease and avoid contact with the source of infectious diseases, 3. keep clean water, food, environment and work environment, as well as the disposal limbahyang good, 4. eradicate and control the backup host (reservoir host) and vector-borne diseases, and 5. increase the body's resistance to parasite infection.

For example, a worm that is transmitted through the soil always requires a soil medium for the development of infective stage that can infect other humans. Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuristrichiura can be transmitted through food or drink contaminated by worm eggs found in soil contaminated with feces of patients. While infective hookworm larvae that infect human skin contact with soil contaminated with feces of patients hookworm infection. Soil contamination by fecal patients will only happen if the patient defecate on the ground and not in the latrines that meet the correct requirements. Therefore, the procurement of a good toilet is absolutely necessary to combat intestinal worm diseases, with a record of latrines must be used properly.

In general, preventive measures carried out in several ways together in order to achieve a satisfactory result, better prevention in the short term and in the long term. It also should be noted that the precautionary measures do not have a negative impact on the environment and the health of the environment in general.

About Penile Cancer

What is penile cancer? Penile cancer is called carcinoma of the penis, penile tumors, penile carcinoma, penile malignancies, penile cancer is a disease attacks the herpes virus infection and human papilloma virus (HPV)

Penile Cancer Causes, Approximately 25-75% of men with penile cancer patients condition penis foreskin can not be pulled so over the head of the penis, resulting in pee hole closed. The solution is quite the circumcised.

In women whose sexual partner has cancer of the penis, then the prevalence of cervical cancer increased by 3-8 times compared with the normal sexual partner.

The role of viral infections continue to be studied. Both penile cancer and cervical cancer related to the presence of herpes virus infections and human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV types 16 and 18 have been found in one third of men who suffer from cancer of the penis.

Clinical symptoms of Penile Cancer, Patients come with skin lesions that are difficult to heal, a small growth on the skin, small spots on the skin surface, small spots like papules in the presence of pus in it, or the growth of warts.
Many men do not see a doctor until the cancer erodes the foreskin of the penis and become malodorous due to infection and death of body tissue.
Can also be found a mass, form ulcers or open sores, pus, or bleeding in the groin.
Pain rarely occur even when there has been a severe local tissue damage. Patients with penile cancer that has spread can complain weakness, fatigue, weight loss, sores in the skin of the penis is likely to bleed. If the noodles wound does not heal, then the patient went to the doctor.

Laboratory examination
1. There are no specific laboratory tests or signs of tumors in cancer of the penis.
2. The general examination, including complete blood count, chemistries with liver function tests, and assessment of the status of the heart, lungs, and kidneys, help to detect unforeseen problems.
3. Patients with a disease that can severely anemic, with white blood cells and levels of albumin in the blood dropped.
4. calcium levels in the blood rise seen in some patients.

Diagnostic procedures, the most important diagnostic test is the disposal and examination of body tissue to confirm the diagnosis.

Penile cancer treatment therapy to cope with the disorder and injuries that occur. Radiation therapy is given as an indication and physician preference, for example: the size of the cancer is still less than 3 cm, penile cancer patients refused surgery, or when the disease has spread came. Radiation therapy has shortcomings, namely the type of cancer squamous cell carcinomas tend to be immune.

Circumcision can be recommended before starting radiation therapy for cancer that attacks the foreskin of the penis.
There can be complications to radiation therapy. Usually seen in tumors that are larger in size and 4 cm. Can be: death of penile tissue, swelling, and pain in the penis.

If the infected penile cancer, the therapeutic effect can be reduced, while the risk of complications increases. Medicines given by the doctor will be adjusted to the condition of the patient.

Surgical therapy, standard therapy for primary cancer is local and partial cuts. In patients with small tumors confined to the foreskin of the penis, just by circumcision. Amputation most suitable if the cancer covering the glans and the base of the penis during erection. Surgical techniques can be used for patients with severe disease attack.

Laser Surgery, Laser Surgery is used in patients with benign and malignant wound is on the surface. This therapy has been applied to cases of one place and limited.

Prevention of penile cancer, circumcision was established as an effective deterrent to cancer of the penis. Keep in mind, penile cancer is found more frequently when circumcision delayed until puberty. Circumcision in adulthood little or no protection and penile cancer.

Early Detection, Some typical sign of tumor to detect the presence of penile cancer early is E-cadherin, MMP-2 and MMP-9.

As a note for this disease are:
1. The disease is rare penile cancer in men who have been circumcised, especially if circumcised in infancy.
2. Penile cancer tend to be experienced men aged 60-80 years. In young adults are not usually found. One study reported that 22% of patients aged less than 40 years, and only 7% were aged less than 30 years.
3. If cancer occurs in the head of the penis, called erythroplasia of Queyrat. If it occurs in a layer of skin on the penis called Bowen disease.
4. The mortality rate for patients with penile cancer reached 22.4%.
5. As many as 15-50% of patients with cancer of the penis delay to see a doctor for more than 1 year.

How is the spread of infectious diseases?

How is the spread of infectious diseases? Transmission of the disease parasites, bacteria, viruses and fungi is influenced by three factors, namely the source of infection, ways of transmission of the parasite and the host sensitive or sensitive.

The combination of these factors determine the spread and the high prevalence of parasites in an area at a particular time and place. Besides the natural adaptation of the parasite to humans as hosts, habits and relationships in the human population and the high durability of the individual human body, affecting the rapid occurrence of parasitic disease transmission.

Contagious disease which infects patients in early infection is generally asymptomatic. After that there will be a clear clinical picture that in the course of the disease can then develop into acute and severe disease that causes the death of the patient. In patients with a high body resistance, disease will heal or will develop into a chronic disease or chronic symptoms or minor complaints. In this case even though the patient is still suffering from a particular disease-causing microorganisms, but have no symptoms or complaints (called the carrier), so this career is a potential source of transmission of infectious disease to other healthy people.

Career occurred between host and parasite because there is a balance in the life of each. Career example found in malaria transmission, amubiasis, filaniasis and diseases caused by viral or bacterial infection of the intestine.

The spread of disease-causing organisms and one individual patients to susceptible individuals may occur directly (direct contact) or through indirect transmission. In the indirect transmission, to be able to infect a susceptible host parasite must pass through the stages of developmental stages before they become infective stage.

Infective stage transmission can occur by direct contact or indirectly, with food, drink, soil, vertebrate animals and vector insects, or from mother to baby through the placenta during childbirth.

Liver Cancer: Causes, Prevention

What is liver cancer? Hepatocellular carcinoma, or primary liver cancer is a malignancy of the liver cells. May cause death within 6-20 months. The disease is usually found at the age of 5-15 years, with a ratio of 2: 1 to 11: 1 in men and women

The cause is the hepatitis B virus, a carcinogenic substance, Hepatitis C Patients who take medicine steroid-like hormones in the long run, use of oral contraceptives (the pill), Genetics, Immunology, Food, Environment carcinogenic, flammable gas Exposed, worms Schistosomajaponica
Symptoms usually without complaint and without obvious symptoms. If there is, usually mild, such as upset stomach, a lump in the upper abdomen, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Other complaints such as fever, weakness, nausea and vomiting, and jaundice.

Laboratory examination, results of laboratory examination showed increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin slightly increased or normal, amino transferase levels slightly increased, then a normal serum albumin below, and anemia (lack of blood hemoglobin). If exposed to anemia, the patient will vomit blood or bleeding in the stomach.

Handling Liver Cancer disease is very difficult to treat. However, there are two effective ways, namely by surgery (surgery) and systemic chemotherapy intravenously or intraarterial, with injecting drug tangsung arteries to the liver.

Liver Cancer Therapy, If needed, the doctor will give antineoplastic agents (anticancer drugs), such as Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Erlotinib. Can be considered the provision of immunosuppressant agents (suppressing the immune system), such as sirolimus.

Prediction of Liver Cancer Disease, this disease is very bad impact. If not promptly treated, the mortality rate approaches 100% with long-life of 4.2 months after diagnosis.

Prevention, Liver cancer in children can be prevented by immunization with hepatitis B, avoiding the consumption of foods of rice, wheat, corn, peanuts, and soybeans are stored in a moist state.