An area there is a disease depends on the presence of people who are sensitive and appropriate environmental conditions for the life of disease-causing microorganisms. Microorganisms which have a simple life cycle, distribution will be broader than that cycle is very complex, for example, non-human animals also need to continue his life.
Socio-economic factors affecting the spread of the disease population. Agricultural areas, farms, to review the habit of using fertilizer, environmental hygiene and sanitation and poor personal hygiene and poverty are all factors that can increase the spread of disease. Migration of people from one area to another, religions and beliefs of people with special religious rituals that can also affect the spread of certain diseases.
Tropical regions wet with warm temperature are ideal habitat for the breeding of disease-causing organisms, in both humans and animals. Subtropical areas short summers, and cold climates as well as areas that are very hot climates inhibit the development, life and the spread of disease-causing organisms.
Various kinds of organisms that cause disease in humans and animals are found in some countries, because of the environment in the region allowing disease-causing organisms can live and breed perfectly.
Epidemiological studies done several countries showed that infectious diseases are still an important cause of death. Malaria and Dengue fever is an infectious disease that is not only difficult to eradicate in some countries, but it still is an infectious disease that became a global health problem.
National health reporting in certain countries shows that parasitic diseases are related closely related to the life of an environmental, still show a very high frequency in various regions. One of them is a worm diseases transmitted through the soil (soil-transmitted Helminths) such as helminth infection (ascariasis), whip worm infections (trichuriasis) and hookworm infection.
Studies in some developing countries, for example by screening feces on the population, in rural areas or in urban areas, some areas show figures helminth infections are still high. Likewise, diarrheal diseases, whether caused by bacteria, parasites and viruses are also always been a major health problem in many regions. Lack of clean water, the narrowness of the land where the family lives, the habit of eating with unwashed hands first, reuse the leaves and wrappers of food that has been thrown into the trash, vegetables are eaten raw, use of river water for various necessities of life (shower, wash your food, wash clothes, rinse, brush your teeth, which is also used as a toilet), and the use of feces for fertilizer vegetables, increase the spread of infectious diseases that attack the digestive system.
In addition to the factors mentioned above, occupational factors can also influence the frequency of parasitic diseases. Plantation workers which means his latrines are inadequate in number, the field worker worker watering and irrigation, mining and forestry workers, farmers and ranchers are included in a group at high risk of infection of infectious diseases.
Infectious diseases transmitted by insects that require long-term handling of voices including filariasis is elephantiasis disease caused by filarial worms, malaria caused by plasmodium, dengue fever caused by dengue virus, and diarrhea caused by viruses and bacteria. This disease transmission capabilities are various types of insects, for example, flies and cockroaches transmit diarrhea and mosquitoes that transmit malaria, filariasis and dengue fever which has a kind of habit and a different life.
The species of mosquitoes have biological properties that the way of life and a place to live and breed very varied. Adan mosquitoes that require clear water for breeding sites, there is a need brackish water, marsh, nest sheltered from the sun or vice versa there that actually require warmth of the sun. Besides mosquitoes are nothing like human blood as a source of life (anthropophilic), or just like the blood of animals (zoophilic), but no one can live by sucking the blood of humans and animals (antropozoofilik).
Besides filariasis and soil-transmitted Helminths, parasites sikius life is strongly associated with the environment is the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) and the beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata), protozoausus for example Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Balantidiumcoil and blood protozoan diseases, namely malaria.
Some areas are the focus of schistosomiasis is endemic, blood flukes that can cause severe clinical manifestations that can lead to death of the patient. Causes schistosomiasis is a worm that lives in human blood vessels that japonicum.Cacing parasite Schistosoma is a zoonosis that can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa, in need of fresh water as effective as the development stage.
The life cycle of the organism, parasite adaptation, bacteria, viruses and fungi to the environment are included in the body of the host in which they live, causing differences in the life cycle of the various types of parasites.
Humans can act as a host of single definitive (definitive host, the final host) which is the only source of disease transmission of parasites, bacteria, virus or fungus) or one of the hosts must be separated from the other animals who also acts as the host of the definitive , or simply to host and disease-causing organisms incidental that naturally live in Animals. Animals that can act as the definitive host for disease-causing organisms that live in humans called backup host (host reservoir).
The spread of infectious diseases, Transmission many causes, in general, namely the existence of sources of infection, ways of transmission of the parasite and the host sensitive or sensitive. The spread of disease-causing organisms from one individual to the possible direct or indirect transmission.
Clinical symptoms of infectious diseases are influenced by many things, the number of disease-causing organisms into the patient's body, changes pathological arising in the tissues and organs, mechanical damage to the body's tissues and due to irritation of disease-causing organisms, toxins or materials toxic or cause allergic produced parasites or other organisms and negative reactions organs and tissue disorders.
If there is a balance between disease-causing organisms in which they live with the host, then the host's career shows no clinical symptoms are noticeable, but still always remove disease-causing organisms that can be transmitted to others.
Body resistance or immunity of host innate immunity may be appropriate to the species, race, or individual immunity against disease-causing organisms in general or a particular species or strains of organisms. Immunity can be absolute, but more often partial. For example immunity related to race, the black (negro) is more resistant to hookworm and malaria vivax than whites.
Groups of children and the elderly are most often suffer from infections transmitted disease, can first occur at a very young age. Akariasis eg infection have been reported in infants aged 4 months while on trichuriasis youngest age is 5 months. At hookworm can occur at the age of 6 months and this can happen when a child is placed just on the ground without a pedestal, so the infective larvae of hookworms can infect through the skin. Whereas in viral infections, bacterial or toxoplasmosis, an infection can occur since the fetus in the womb of his mother.
Diagnosis of infectious diseases. Clinical manifestations are often common parasitic disease because it causes the symptoms and complaints are similar to each other, so that only the clinical symptoms alone is difficult to hold on to determine what type of parasites which cause parasitic diseases. For example, a variety of intestinal worm infections shows symptoms are vague and not typical so difficult to identify. In laboratory tests it is necessary to establish a definite diagnosis of infection-causing parasite species such parasitit.
Parasitic infections are generally chronic nature and rarely cause sudden death, so it is often overlooked and neglected as a result. Malnutrition and anemia is the result most often experienced by the population, especially in areas that have been previously malnutrition, causing manifestations of malnutrition in varying degrees from mild to severe.
This situation will be even tougher because many parasitic diseases can also cause diarrhea. Parasitic infections hookworm weight can cause health problems in adults and adolescents productive lowered work productivity, while at the pregnant woman will experience a variety of disorders in the process of pregnancy and birth to her son in the form of abortion that is recurrent, poisoning pregnancy and fetal death before old enough content. Can also premature babies born with weight below the normal size. In children, there will be physical and mental development disorder that will eventually grow into adults who are low-power performance.
Disease viruses and bacteria, many viruses and bacterial illness that lasted acute, with clinical symptoms that clear so that it can be determined diagnosis. In the infectious diseases that include chronic or unclear symptoms, laboratory tests or other examinations using diagnostic tools (for example, examination using Rontgen rays, CT Scan, Ultrasound, Electrocardiograph) can help confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Treatment of infectious diseases, infectious disease should be treated with either through action quickly and accurately, whether the provision of medicines in accordance with the cause, the operative action if necessary, and nutrition that meets the needs of the patient to improve the patient endurance.
Drugs against infectious diseases in general can cause side effects for patients. Because of the dosage given should be the right size so that as little as possible side effects on the patient's body tissue, but it gives a lethal effect against the parasite in question. Less amount of the drug and the dose that kills disease-causing organisms may lead to infectious organism resistance to the drugs used, thus hindering the eradication of infectious diseases in a wider scale in a region or country. Malaria in many countries has been widely reported resistant to chloroquine, as well as tuberculosis that are resistant to various types of drugs that had previously been used widely.
Prevention of infectious diseases, in principle, to prevent the spread of infectious diseases carried by breaking the chain of disease-causing organism's life cycle, namely through: 1. treat the patient as a source of infection, 2. health education to prevent the spread of disease and avoid contact with the source of infectious diseases, 3. keep clean water, food, environment and work environment, as well as the disposal limbahyang good, 4. eradicate and control the backup host (reservoir host) and vector-borne diseases, and 5. increase the body's resistance to parasite infection.
For example, a worm that is transmitted through the soil always requires a soil medium for the development of infective stage that can infect other humans. Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuristrichiura can be transmitted through food or drink contaminated by worm eggs found in soil contaminated with feces of patients. While infective hookworm larvae that infect human skin contact with soil contaminated with feces of patients hookworm infection. Soil contamination by fecal patients will only happen if the patient defecate on the ground and not in the latrines that meet the correct requirements. Therefore, the procurement of a good toilet is absolutely necessary to combat intestinal worm diseases, with a record of latrines must be used properly.
In general, preventive measures carried out in several ways together in order to achieve a satisfactory result, better prevention in the short term and in the long term. It also should be noted that the precautionary measures do not have a negative impact on the environment and the health of the environment in general.
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